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Summers memo
The Summers memo was a 1991 memo on trade liberalization that was written by Lant Pritchett and signed by Lawrence Summers who was then Chief Economist of the World Bank. It included a section that both Summers and Pritchett say was sarcastic that suggested dumping toxic waste in third-world countries for perceived economic benefits.
After the material was leaked by Roberto Smeraldi of Friends of the Earth to ''Jornal do Brasil'' on February 2, 1992,〔"WorldBank Analyst suggests to transfer pollution to the poor", Jornal doBrasil, February 2nd, 1992, on page 135 of "NOMINATION OF LAWRENCE H. SUMMERSHEARING"http://www.finance.senate.gov/library/hearings/download/?id=7735172f-99ef-4424-a608-866d965d0e61〕 Pritchett (who worked under Summers) stated that he had written the memo and Summers had only signed it, and that it was intended to be "sarcastic". According to Pritchett, the memo as leaked was doctored to remove context and intended irony, and was "a deliberate fraud and forgery to discredit Larry and the World Bank."〔(Toxic Memo ), Harvard Magazine, May–June 2001〕
Daniel Hausman and Michael McPherson have argued that the satirical section might seem to be based in economics as a science, but in fact contains strong moral premises which cannot be removed and still leave the argument intact.〔Hausman, Daniel M., and Michael S. McPherson. ''Economic Analysis, Moral Analysis, and Public Policy''. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006.〕 Brazilian Secretary of the Environment Jose Lutzenberger argued that it demonstrated "the arrogant ignorance of many conventional 'economists' concerning the nature of the world we live in."〔(text and commentary ), The Whirled Bank (satirical website)〕
==Text of the Excerpt==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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